Harvard Referencing Guide

Harvard referencing style: Complete guide on how to cite resources using the Harvard referencing.

Students of most colleges are expected to cite resources using the Harvard Referencing system for their your academic work, in order to identify sources of information such as Whether books, research articles, websites or other sources. As part of referencing, the student must include information such as author, title, publisher (for a book), web address (for an on-line resource) and journal name.

Referencing in the Harvard style has two parts. You need to include both in your work:

• In–text. references which are located immediately at the point in your work where you cite the information
• A list of all the sources used at the end of your work: The Reference List. (Section 2)

Citing sources in the text

You need to reference a source of information at the point that you use it, even if you do not quote directly. The information can be an idea or opinion you have read as well as a fact.

You’ll need to indicate the authors of your information source and the year it was published.
Format: Authors (publication year)

Example:
One author: Smith (2007)
Two authors: Smith and Jones (n.d.)
More than two authors: Smith et al (2008)

‘Et al’ means ‘and the others’ (if there are more authors). You’ll need to make a note of all of the authors for the full reference in your reference list. If there are a large number, you may chuck with your professor/tutor for advice on whether you must include the names of all.

If there are no apparent authors, you can use ‘Anon’. However if the document or webpage is produced by a recognised organization e.g. Department of Health or the British Psychological Association use that as the ‘author’.
Anon (2005)’ Department of Health (2005)

If there’s no ‘date’, use (n.d.)

If you need to reference two works by the same author in the same year, use a, b, c, etc.: Smith 2007a; Smith 2007b

Use the full name of the Organization with the acronym in brackets; use the acronym only if you reference the document an additional time in the text.
Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCP) (2007)…. RCP (2007)…

In the reference list:
use both full title and acronym:
Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCP) (2009) Good psychiatric practice…

Fitting the reference into your work
You have two choices…

1. Add to the end of the sentence:
   In Higher Education, Information Literacy is now often included in the group of competencies together variously defined as graduateness (Peters 2011).
   Note that the brackets surround both author and year and there is no comma or other punctuation. The final full-stop is after the brackets.
2. or make the author part of the sentence (if you’re discussing her/his work)
   For Barnard (2005), Information Literacy is the foundation for critical thinking.

If there are two or more sources separate by a semi-colon and put in chronological order:
…(Gates 2008; Smith and Jones 2009; Mafuba 2013)

Quotations

When quoting directly from a source use quotation marks and include the page number of the document it’s taken from.

Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:
Weir (1995, p.10) states that “defining roles and their remits is not simple”.
Note the comma after the year and the single ‘p’ to represent ‘page’.

Quotations of 2 or more lines should be separated from the body of your text and indented in a separate paragraph. When you indent a quotation, there is no need to include quotation marks:

In discussing staff development, Thomas and Ingham (1995, p.33) state that:

Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others.

Secondary referencing

What if the author quotes another author whose work I need to cite?

In the book Seeds of Concern by D. Murray (2003), Murray refers to a work by T. White (2001).

You must make it clear in your text that you have not read the original source (White) but are referring to it from a source you have read (Murray).

White (2001, cited by Murray 2003) believes genetic abnormalities in crops are…

In the list of references at the end of your work you should only include a reference to the source you read:
Murray, D. (2003) Seeds of concern: the genetic manipulation of plants. Sydney: UNSW Press.

This kind of reference should only be used infrequently as you should always endeavour to access the original source your self.

The Reference List

The Reference List is a list of information sources that have been referred to in your work. Use this term rather than Bibliography which is a list of additional non-referred-to reading.

At the end of your work list the full references of all your sources. The list must:

• Include all your references
• Be in alphabetical order
• Be one list only; don’t separate out the references into types of references.
• Have each reference following the correct format. This depends on what kind of source it is. References for journal articles, books, websites etc. all have slightly different formats.

To create a reference in the UWL Harvard style you must:

• Have all of the information needed to make up the reference
• Choose the correct format template to fit it into and follow it exactly.

Use Correct Template
For any Template, make sure you Have all the information Have all the information in the right order Include the correct punctuation, brackets and use of italics. If it indicates a comma goes here, don’t miss it out or put a semi-colon instead!.

Book
Abraham, S. (2008) Eating disorders. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The above example includes Author, (publication year), Title of the book in italics, Edition, Place of publication, publisher.

This information should be on the front and the back of the ‘title page’ just inside the cover of the book.
Don’t include an edition statement if this is the first edition. Note commas, brackets, full-stops, the colon and italics.

Chapter from an edited book
Some books are a collection of individually authored chapters. The book itself will have one or more editors. You must reference the chapter. In text: the chapter’s author: Ake (2002)

Ake, D. (2002) Learning jazz, teaching jazz. In: Cooke, M. and Horn, D. (eds.) The Cambridge companion to jazz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.255-269.

The above example includes: Author of chapter, Title of chapter, Always Include In:, Editors (don’t miss out (eds.)), First + last page no’s of chapter, title of book in italics.

Include ‘and’ between 2 authors or editors; or between the last two if there are three or more.

An e-book (a book readable online)
Huber, D.M. (2005) Modern recording techniques. 6th ed. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http://dawsonera.com
[Accessed: 30 July 2011].

In the above example, Dawsonera is the ‘Database where book was accessed’.

Very Important!
[Online]. Available at: and [Accessed: ] must always be included in the reference and in all on-line references.

Kindle E-book
Richards, A. (2009) A nurse’s survival guide to drugs in practice. [Kindle version]. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk [Accessed: 13 February 2013].

An article from a printed journal
A journal article reference has some slightly different information to include, such as the name of the journal in which the article was published; the volume and issue (journals have weekly, monthly or quarterly issues which are grouped in Volumes) and the article’s page numbers (first and last). Note carefully the punctuation and italics.

Ball, L. (2012) Midwifery education: making sense of the current challenges. British Journal of Midwifery, 20(7), p.516-520.

The above example includes: Name of the journal in Italics, Volume (Issue), First and last page, Title of the article (NOT in italics)

An article from an online journal
If you have read or download an article from a journal published on-line, then your reference requires some additional information:

McDonald, S., Allan, H. and Brown, A. (2012) Perceptions of changing practice in the examination of the newborn, from holistic to opportunistic. British Journal of Midwifery, 20(11), p.786 –791. Intermid [Online]. Available at: www.intermid.co.uk [Accessed: 23 November 2012].

In the above example, Intermid is the Name of the website / database where the article was accessed, www.intermid.co.uk is the Web address of the journal, and in the end you have Date you accessed the article.

Very Important!
[Online]. Available at: and [Accessed: ] must always be included in the reference and in all on-line references.

Web page or document
Thompson, B. (2008) Can the tech community go green? [Online]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7240440.stm [Accessed: 24 July 2008].

In the above example you can use an organisation if there is no author, e.g. BBC.

Note very carefully the punctuation.
Reference the specific page: give the page or document’s exact title and its specific web-address.

Very Important!
[Online]. Available at: and [Accessed: ] must always be included in the reference and in all on-line references.

Newspaper article
Benoit, B. (2007) G8 faces impasse on global warming. Financial Times, 29 May 2007, p.9.

If the article is on-line:
Benoit, B. (2007) G8 faces impasse on global warming. Financial Times, 29 May 2007 [Online]. Available at: www.ft.com [Accessed: 12 March 2013].

Report / guideline
European Commission (2004) First report on the implementation of the internal marketing strategy 2003-2006. Luxembourg: Office for Publications of the European Communities.
This follows the Book reference template.
Clinical Guidelines: Include [Clinical Guideline] after the title.
If the report/ guideline is on-line then remember to include [Online]. Available at: and [Accessed: ]

Systematic review of research
Neilson, J.P. (2007) Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy. [Systematic Review] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [Online]. Available at: http://ovidsp.uk.ovid.com [Accessed: 30 July 2008].
Very Important!
[Online]. Available at: and [Accessed: ] must always be included in the reference and in all on-line references.

Law report
R. v. Edwards (John) (1991) 93 Cr. App. R.48
Name 1 v Name 2 (year) vol. no. abbreviated form of law report page no
Use of round or square brackets for year depends on whether year significant or not in finding case (square brackets if year IS significant).

Statute
Great Britain. Data Protection Act 1998. Chapter 29. London: HMSO.
In text: The statute (Great Britain. Data Protection Act 1998) laid down…..

Thesis
Garcia-Sierra, A. (2000) An Investigation into electronic commerce potential of small to medium-sized enterprises. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cardiff University.

Paper from a collection of Conference Proceedings
Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S., Graebner, C. and McConnell, D. (eds.) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at Sheffield University. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

Classroom Presentation
Forster, M. (2013) Finding the research evidence in Midwifery. [Classroom PowerPoint Presentation].

From UWL Online (Blackboard)
Watkinson, J. (2001) An Introduction to digital audio. [Online]. Available at: http://online.uwl.ac.uk [Accessed: 26 August 2012]

Treat the item as any other on-line source using the web-address of UWL Online.

Audio-visual sources
Vertigo (2003) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [DVD]. U.K. Universal.
Oasis (1995) What’s the story Morning Glory [CD] London: Creation. RKIDCD007.
In text:
Hitchcock’s portrayal of phobia in his 1958 film Vertigo (Vertigo 2003).…
The band’s finest album, What’s the story Morning Glory (Oasis 1995)….
ESADM & LCM students may need to use BUFVC guidelines for referencing moving image & sound> These can be found at: bufvc.ac.uk/avcitation/guidelines

Photograph
Parkinson, N. (1930) Portrait of an unemployed man and woman [Photograph]. National Media Museum [Online]. Available at: http://nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/Collections/Collection_Detail [Accessed: 11 August 2008].

E-Mail
Jones, P. (jones@jones.com) (2005) Mobile phone developments. [Email]. Message to R G. Schmit (r.g.schmit@syy.ac.uk). [Sent: 7 June 2005, 08:13.]
In text: Jones (2005)

Social Media
Twitter, Facebook and other Social Media can be referenced in a standard way
Author (year of publication) Full tweet/comment. [Name of social medium]. date written [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed: date].
@Science (2011) Scientists discover that brains of tiny spiders are so big they overflow into their legs. [Twitter]. 16 November [Online]. Available at: http://twitter.com/#!/WorldView12/status/148359207257767936 [Accessed: 16 December 2011].
In text: Author (year of publication)
Ignore ‘@’ when deciding where to place the reference in the alphabetic reference list. The example above will go under ‘S’.

Blogs
Tran, M. (2008) Georgia: how much is the west to blame? Mark Tran’s Newsblog.10 August 2008 [Online]. Available at: http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/2008/08/ html [Accessed: 11 August 2008].

Unpublished, Yet to be Published or Internally Published Sources
Jones, K. (n.d.) Personal diary. [Unpublished].
Pattison, J. (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity Press.
Local NHS Trust (2012) Diabetes and steroid prophylaxis against RDS. [Internal Guideline].

Example of a Reference List

Abraham, S. (2008) Eating disorders. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ake, D. (2002) Learning jazz, teaching jazz. In: Cooke, M. and Horn, D. (eds.) The Cambridge companion to jazz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.255-269.
Ball, L. (2012) Midwifery education: making sense of the current challenges. British Journal of Midwifery, 20(7), p.516-520.
Great Britain. Data Protection Act 1998. Chapter 29. London: HMSO
McDonald, S., Allan, H. and Brown, A. (2012) Perceptions of changing practice in the examination of the newborn, from holistic to opportunistic. British Journal of Midwifery, 20(11), p.786 –791. Intermid [Online]. Available at: www.intermid.co.uk [Accessed: 23 November 2012].
Thompson, B. (2008) Can the tech community go green? [Online]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7240440.stm [Accessed: 24 July 2008].

• Remember that the list must be in alphabetical order.
• Don’t separate out the different kinds of reference

External Links

• Macquarie University Library